Реферат: Economic Relations between Kazakhstan and Russia

Thus, the necessity of effective economic interaction between the countries stipulates necessity of the further decision of existing problems and uses of every possible redundancy of premises of rise of manufacture.

3.         involvement in international organizations, kazakhstan and russia

For anybody not a secret, that creation and the operation of regional systems of safety in Central Asia was called by the following basic reasons:

First, inability of the states becoming in plants of aggressive plans of the international terrorist architectures, appearing under Islamic by the slogans and using financial support international extremism of architectures to give them effective defense;

Secondly, double standards of the conducting countries of West, including USA, Great Britain, in a ratio of operations of a series of terrorist architectures considered by them as battle groups national fight for freedom of driving. By characteristic development of double standards was, for example, the refusal of the American authorities to satisfy the request Ministry of Foreign Affairs Peoples Republic Of China about output gripped in captivities in Afghanistan of hits - citizens of Peoples Republic of China Uygur of a nationality. A motivation: the Washington does not consider Driving for independence East Turkestan as terrorist architecture;

Thirdly, the anti Soviet moods, cultivated in West by decades, in a defined measure were transformed in anti Russian, especially to first half 90 years. Therefore warnings of Russia, states of Central Asia, closely face with operations of the international terrorist gangs in Chechnya, in Batken, about real consequences of their activity were not heard.

It would be possible to explain creation of military-aerial basses of USA in Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tadjikistan, Uzbekistan still by war against a condition taliban. But there is a question, why these basses began to be established as a matter of fact after completion of an active military phase of rout taliban of a condition. Moreover, arranging of basses air force of USA not only in Afghanistan, but also in Kyrgyzstan, and also Tajikistan bordering with China, on defined reflections. In particular, involuntarily there is an idea: whether can these basses hypothetically and in a defined situation to be used as basis of a dual purpose - not only against hits in Afghanistan, but also against China or even against Russia.

After September 11 and especially after an overthrow reactionary taliban of a condition in Afghanistan and ascertaining of the American military presence in Central Asia basic; in essence there is a consideration of an opportunity of cooperating of these architectures from USA, for, without the account of policy of Russia, China and USA and understanding of principles of a guard by these states of the national interests, it is impossible to explain a situation in sphere of a safety in region.

Whether such script of a development of events in next China is necessary to Kazakhstan and other countries of region.

Uniquely - is not present. The consequences of disorder USSR, as is known, have done without in tens thousand life and millions refugees.

The important element of regional cooperating is the effective military-engineering cooperating between the countries by the members DKNB. Today any country of Central Asia is not capable in the nearest perspective to refuse from former Soviet, so, present Russian weapon and military engineering. Hence, the key role of Russia in this direction will be saved.

The important element of regional cooperating is the effective military-engineering cooperating between the countries - members DKNB Today any country of Central Asia is not capable in the nearest perspective to refuse from former Soviet, so, presents Russian weapon and military engineering. Hence, the key role of Russia in this direction will be saved. Though other points of view take place also:

a) In opinion of the Uzbek experts, principal reason of an exit of Tashkent from DKNB was ostensibly refusal of the Russian side to sell to Uzbekistan necessary arms and military engineering, when the country has exposed to attacks of gangs of the international terrorists.

In these conditions of Uzbekistan forced to convert to active cooperating from USA;

b) In mass - media the hearings, on the one hand, are persistently spreader that Russia ostensibly is not interested in maintenance vehicle launching of Baikonur, recognizing schedule to transfer all rocket start-ups on vehicle launching or to realize start-ups from tropics, and with another - that vehicle launching of Baikonur to Kazakhstan anything, except for harm, does not bring.

Tragedy of September 11 and military action, which has followed behind it, of USA in Afghanistan by a radical image, have changed a situation in our region. In this connection experts of Kazakhstan Contract, being the member, of collective safety, expected, that the states the members DKNB will consult among themselves on all questions of the international safety, including regional, but, unfortunately, such has not taken place also it once again speaks that one of the reasons of an inefficiency DKNB is an existing level of ratios between Russia and other sides of the Contract. On my sight, on the one hand, Russia till now is not ready to equal in rights partner to ratios with the new independent states, and, with another - in the countries FSU of space the suspiciousness and uncertainty is still saved in what policy Russia will realize further.

Therefore, on my sight, the special urgency is acquired now by necessity of amplification of mutual confidence, openness, knowledge, first of all, between Kazakhstan and Russia having on FSU space the special level of ratios and the best premises for creation of allied ratios.

Thus, at folding geopolitical the structure of regional systems of safety is necessary different level. In particular, Kazakhstan and Russia should not wait of operations on the part of other countries of region, by a phantom of the dollar help, and actively be shaded slide on a path not only economic integration in frameworks EAEU (Euro-Asian Economic Union), but also development of systems of safety in frameworks DKNB.

Similar situation in a ratio of cooperating with China within the framework of the Shanghai architecture of cooperating in a direction of struggle with terrorism, extremism and separatism

Appearing on January 25 this year at the extended meeting of the principals of the executive authority Republic Of Kazakhstan, the President N.Nazarbayev has formulated seven tasks facing to government, including in the field of exterior policy.

January 25, 2002 in Almaty the third session Integration of committee EAEU (Euro-Asian Economic Union) has passed, on which 28 questions were considered, from which on 27 the decision is accepted. The totals of operation of this session, unfortunately, have appeared unfavorable:

a) The participants still were not defined, in what direction it is necessary to explicate cooperating;

b) Each participant wants first of all to defend the interests, instead of interests of the partners. Therefore, in particular, customs duties till now are not strip-chart unified to establish a condition of preference for mutual trade;

c) The countries EAEU (Euro-Asian Economic Union) tend in WTO, supposing already others, and very rigid, condition, not having matched the positions.

Nevertheless of Kazakhstan appears for a development EAEU (Euro-Asian Economic Union), and also others (organization structures with participation of Russia, as such policy in finished the score answers interests without dangerous of our country.

3.1  The Eurasian Union: Realities and Perspectives

For five years already Kazakhstan, Russia, and other post-Soviet states, most of which are united in the Common­wealth of Independent States, have developed in the situation of a new political reality as equal agents of the world order. But the process of the formation of new independent states and open democratic social systems has just begun.

Without going into detailed critique of the CIS, let us note that all its activities and all the bilateral and multilateral efforts of its member states clearly show that the time has come for a more effective, deep, and diverse integration of the countries involved - the kind of integration that would achieve a stabilization of the situation in the economy and ensure its development on a qualitatively new basis. This applies above all to the economies of Kazakhstan and Russia, which might be­come the engines of future integrative processes in the post-Soviet space. There are also quite a few issues pertaining to cooperation in the military-political, scientific-technological, humanitarian, and other spheres, which are awaiting their solution in the framework of a more effective integration model. The idea of the formation of the Eurasian union of states proposed by President Nazarbayev is precisely such a model; it organically combines both the existing realities and the objec­tive needs of today and tomorrow.

Taking into account the differences between our coun­tries in the levels of development of market economy, in the democratization of political processes, we propose to estab­lish an additional integrative structure, the Eurasian Union, whose activities would be combined with those of the CIS. In doing so, the member states will take into account the diver­sity of integration scenarios and differences in the rate, form, and direction of CIS states’ development. Thus there is an urgent need for the formation of a new economic order in the CIS.

It can thus be said that the draft project for the formation of the EAU is in keeping with the natural aspirations of the peoples living in the post-Soviet space, the idea of new integra­tion. The project has not only acquired a great many supporters but has also proved that it is realistic, urgent, and vital.

Turning to the genesis of that integrative idea, it must be recalled that the Kazakhstan leader advocated the preserva­tion of good relations and re-integration on a new basis of the former Soviet republics from the very first days of the new states acquiring independence. President Nazarbayev stressed repeatedly that he never raised the idea of independence to the status of a fetish but rather endeavored to preserve old ties and create new ones. The idea of the Eurasian Union originates in the midst of life, in the simple and universal human needs.

From that moment, the debate on the idea of the EAU assumed a new tone. It accelerated the political crystallization on the choice between further disintegration and re-integration on a new basis.

Many participants in the hearings stated that the EAU project offers a chance for entering the 21st century in a civilized manner, and that it reflects the objective logic of development of the post-Soviet space and the consciously realized objective need for the development of integration processes.

In this way the initiative of forming the Eurasian Union was gaining momentum. The number of its adherents increased at scholarly events, in government offices, and in the diplomatic circles. An understanding and sincere approval of the EAU project was expressed, among others.

The proposals contained in the EAU project - to intro­duce unified visa procedures, to guarantee the freedom of movement, to make the ruble the settlement unit, to create a unified system of defense, parliament, legislation, and an executive com­mittee as an interstate organ - were at first guardedly received by some public figures. However, the numbers of adherents of inte­gration are growing. Clearly, their approaches to the problem differ, but their desire for integration remains strong.

On the question of the main principles of the EAU project, it must be stressed that the EAU is a union of equal, indepen­dent states aimed at the realization of the national interests of each member state and of the available integration potential. The EAU is a form of integration of sovereign states with the aim of consolidating stability and security and socioeconomic modernization in the post-Soviet space. Economic interests determine the foundations of the rapprochement among the independent states. The political institutions of the EAU must adequately reflect these interests and facilitate economic inte­gration.

The following principles and mechanism of formation of the Eurasian Union are proposed:

— National referendums or decisions of parliaments on the entry of states in the EAU;

— The signing by member states of a treaty on the setting up of the EAU on the basis of the principles of equality, noninterference in the affairs of each other, respect for sover­eignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of state borders. The treaty must lay the legal and organizational foundations for deeper integration, with the formation of an economic, cur­rency, and political union as its goal;

— No associated membership is permitted in the EAU;

— Decisions are carried in the EAU by the qualified ma­jority of four-fifths (4/5) of the overall number of member countries.

Independent states join the EAU, if the following pre­liminary conditions are satisfied:

— Mandatory compliance with endorsed inter-state agree­ments;

— Mutual recognition of the existing political institutions of the EAU member countries;

— Recognition of territorial integrity and inviolability of the borders;

— Rejection of economic, political, and other forms of pressure in inter-state relations;

— Cessation of hostilities among member countries.

New members enter the EAU after an expert evaluation is passed on their readiness to enter the EAU and all EAU members vote unanimously on it. An organ formed on parity terms by the states, which expressed their readiness to become EAU members, proposes expert evaluations.

EAU states may take part in other integrative alliances, including the CIS, on the basis of associated or permanent membership or in the role of an observer.

Every member can leave the EAU, giving notice not later than six months before the decision is made.

It is suggested to form the following supranational bodies:

— The Council of EAU Heads of State and Heads of Government - the highest organ of EAU political leadership. Each member state chairs the EAU for a period of six months in rotation according to the Cyrillic alphabet.

— The highest consultative and advisory body is the EAU Parliament. The Parliament is formed by delegating deputies of the member states' parliaments on the basis of equal represen­tation of each member country or through direct elections. Decisions of the EAU Parliament come into force after their ratification by the parliaments of the EAU states. Ratification must be effected within the period of one month.

— The main area of the activity of the EAU Parliament is coordination of the member countries' legislation to insure the development of a unified economic space, protection of the social rights and interests of individuals and of mutual respect for state sovereignty and civil rights within EAU states.

— The EAU Parliament creates a common legal basis to regulate the relations between the member countries' econom­ic agents.

— The Council of EAU Foreign Ministers, to coordinate the member countries' foreign-policy activities.

— The Inter-state Executive Committee of the EAU - an executive and supervisory body functioning on a permanent basis. The EAU heads of state appoints the head of the Executive Committee -a representative of the member countries — for a period defined by the heads. The Executive Committee's bodies are formed to include representatives of all the countries.

The EAU as represented by its Executive Committee must receive observer status in a number of major international or­ganizations, such as:

— The EAU Executive Committee's Information Bureau. The member countries must assume a special obligation or law not to permit unfriendly statements about the treaty's member states, which may damage relations between them.

— The Council for Education, Culture, and Science. The formation of coordinated policy on education, promotion of cultural and scientific cooperation and exchange, and joint activity on compiling textbooks and manuals.

— To achieve a deeper coordination and effectiveness of the activities of the EAU countries, it is deemed advisable to set up in each of them a State Committee (or Ministry) for EAU Affairs.

— Regular meetings and consultations on health servic­es, education, labor, employment, culture, combating crime, and so on, by ministers of EAU countries.

—             Encouraging the activities of non-governmental orga­nizations in various areas of cooperation in accordance with EAU member countries' national legislation.

— The Russian language is the official EAU language, functioning side by side with the languages of legislation in the member nations.

— Citizenship. Free movement of citizens within EAU borders requires coordination of external visa policy with re­gard to third nations. On changing the country of residence within the EAU, an individual automatically receives the oth­er country's membership.

— One of the cities at the juncture of Europe and Asia, such as Kazan or Samara, might be proposed as the capital of the EAU.

In order to create a unified economic space within the EAU framework, it is proposed to establish a number of supra­national coordinating structures:

— A commission on the economy under the Council of EAU Heads of State to work out the main directions of eco­nomic reform within the EAU framework; the commission takes into consideration the interests of the national states and offers its proposals for endorsement by the Council of the EAU Heads of State;

— A commission on the raw materials of the EAU export­er countries to coordinate and endorse the prices and quotas for exported raw materials and fuel and energy resources, an appropriate inter-state agreement to be signed by the member countries; coordination of policy in the mining and sale of gold and other precious metals is to be envisaged;

— A fund for economic and technological cooperation formed with EAU members' contributions. The fund will fi­nance promising science-intensive economic, scientific, and technological programs and render assistance in the solution of a wide range of problems, including legal, tax, financial, and ecological issues;

— A commission on inter-state financial-industrial groups and joint ventures; — an EAU international investment bank;

— An inter-state EAU court of arbitration on economic problems, to resolve conflicts on a legal basis and to impose sanctions;

— A commission on the introduction of a clearance mon­etary unit (transfer ruble).

It is proposed to implement a number of measures to preserve the potential achieved in the previous decades and to enhance integration in the field of science, culture, and edu­cation:

— The setting up of common EAU research centers to carry out fundamental research in contemporary knowledge;

— The setting up of an EAU fund for the development of scientific research to unite the scientific collectives from vari­ous countries;

— The setting up of a committee on links in the field of culture, science, and education under the Council of the Heads of EAU Governments;

— Encouragement of the formation of non-governmental associations in the sphere of culture, education, and science;

— The setting up of a grants fund under the EAU Exec­utive Committee.

It is proposed to conclude the following accords on de­fense within the EAU framework:

— A treaty on joint actions to strengthen the national Armed Forces of the EAU member countries and to protect EAU external borders.

The EAU will establish a unified defense space to coordi­nate defense activities:

—             The formation of joint peace-making EAU forces to main­tain stability and eliminate conflicts within the member countries and between them. The sending of peace-making forces to conflict areas on EAU territory - with the agreement of EAU member states and in accordance with international legal norms;

—             The tabling of joint proposals by EAU member coun­tries at international organizations, including the United Na­tions Security Council, on lending EAU joint contingents the status of a peace-making force;

— The setting up of an inter-state center on problems of nuclear disarmament attended by representatives of interna­tional organizations.

— All EAU states except Russia maintain their nuclear-free status.

In the area of ecology, the following mechanisms must be formed in the nearest future, according to the EAU project:

— An ecological fund under the EAU Council of Heads of State, to realize ecological programs within the EAU frame­work, to be financed by all member states;

— Coordination of actions with international organiza­tions to reduce the extent of environmental pollution;

— Endorsement of short- and long-term programs for major problems of restoration of the environment and liquida­tion of the consequences of ecological disasters (the Aral Sea, Chernobyl, the Semipalatinsk nuclear testing ground);

— The endorsement of an inter-state EAU agreement on storing nuclear waste.

The Eurasian Union of States is thus based on three principal provisions:

— Joint supranational coordinating organs for the man­agement of the economy, defense, and foreign policy;

— A unified economic space;

— A common defense complex.

The supranational institutions include the highest organ of political leadership of the Union - the council of heads of state and heads of government; the highest consultative organ, the parliament; the councils of foreign and defense ministers;

And the interstate executive committee - a permanently func­tioning executive and controlling body whose head is appointed by the heads of government for a term which they them­selves define.

As for the unified economic space, it may be built, e.g., on such a basis as coordinating economic policies and manda­tory programs; a common legislative basis regulating relations between economic agents; a supranational currency on the Eu­ropean ECU model; coordination of direct links between en­terprises; the setting up of joint and mixed industrial-financial groups, transport firms, trade houses, and exchanges. The de­fense and foreign trade complexes may be just as effective. The EAU as represented by its executive committee must receive the status of an authorized representative in all the leading interstate organizations of the world.

The practical realization of the provisions of the EAU project in the bilateral Kazakhstan!-Russian relations is excel­lent proof of the viability of this program.

On January 20, 1995, a package of extremely important integration documents was signed during the working meet­ing between presidents Nazarbayev and Yeltsin. This package included a declaration on expanding and deepening Kazakh-stani-Russian cooperation and an agreement on the Customs Union, which was also signed by Belorussia. Both of these were discussed in detail before. This last agreement opens the way to the establishment of a unified customs space to be followed by a unified economic space, as envisioned in the EAU project.

With the setting up of the Customs Union, the econom­ic cooperation of the three countries is built on the principles of free, non-discriminatory trade; a common market of com­modities, services, capital, and labor; and close interaction in the production, investment, and financial spheres.

At present, the first stage in the formation of the Cus­toms Union is largely completed. The work done by the three sides is generally recognized to be an important element of the realization of the foundations of the Economic Union and the formation of the common market of CIS countries.

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