Реферат: Economic Relations between Kazakhstan and Russia

For Kazakhstan in this direction of activity has a primary value a development of transportations on Northern corridor Trans Asian of a railway turnpike on a route  “China - Kazakhstan - Russia – Byelorussia Poland - Germany. Now Kazakhstan together with Russia Europe - Asia and back carries on active operation on shaping this terrestrial transport corridor by the message.

As a whole in transport-communication sphere before Kazakhstan the following tasks stand:

• Saving conditions for transit of the Kazakhstan power resources through region of Russia, maintenance at a necessary level of quotas on transit of oil for Kazakhstan.

• Scheduled magnifying of a channel capacity CPC.

• Decision of accumulating questions between the Ministry of means of communication of Russian Federation and CJSC of “Kazakhstan Temir Joli” on railroad rates and other questions.

• Creation of the share enterprises in transport branch.

• Realization share transport - communication of the projects on active use of transit potential of Kazakhstan and Russia.

2.         ABOUT A CONDITION OF FOREIGN TRADE BOTH  DEV’T OF THE JOINT / ENTERPRISES KAZAKHSAN AND RUSSIA

Indexes of foreign trade of RK with RF, 1995-2001

Russian Federation of the valid historically folded processes of an economic development is the basic trade partner of Kazakhstan and basic consumer of Kazakhstan production. The specific gravity of Russian Federation in volume of export in the countries of CIS annually makes not less than 91-93 %.

In 1997 the reorientation on a development of the foreign trade links with the countries of long-distance foreign countries began. In this connection a -percent ratio in volumes of export between the countries of Commonwealth essentially has varied. In 1997 there was cutting volumes of foreign trade between Russia and Kazakhstan, per consequent years this tendency continued to be magnified. On many goods occupying a powerful share in export of Kazakhstan production in Russia, there was a significant lowering of standard items.

In 2000 there was an essential heightening of volumes of export with all countries - basic trade partners from among Commonwealth. The foreign trade turnover of Kazakhstan with Russia in 2000 has approximated to a level of 1997. The export has increased as contrasted to 1999 in 1,5 times, the import has increased by 82 %. In 2001 as contrasted to 2000 of delivering in Russian Federation practically have remained at a former level (reduction by 1 %).

The share of Russia in total amount of export in 2001 has made 20,2 % (in 2000 -19,4 %).

The greatest specific gravity in structure of export in Russian Federation occupy:

Mineral products - 47,1 of % in 2001 (46,8 % in 2000): coal - 91 % of export coal from Kazakhstan, oil and gaseous condensate - 12 %, ores and concentrates iron, chrome, zinc -10,3 % (7,9 %); products of inorganic chemistry junction, inorganic and organic precious and rarely of metals of radioactive elements and isotopes 13 % (13,5 %): an oxide and hydracids of aluminum - 90 % of all outbound delivering; ferrous metals - 8,2 % (6,3 %).

In import from Russian Federation predominate: mineral products, machines and equipment.

In 2001 basic paper of import was: purchase of mineral fuel, oil and petroleum - 21,4 % (more than 77 % from common import of fuel, from them coke, diesel fuel, lubricant oils, electric power;the machines and equipment - 16,3 %, metallurgical production -14,5 %, vehicles -13 %, production chemical and industries, coupled to it,-12 %, plastic and work piece from it -4 % were imported.

On October 1 2001 in Republic of Kazakhstan 740 share and foreign enterprises created with participation of Russia (including 466 share and 274 foreign enterprises) with the authorized capital - 22,7 billion tenge operated. The share of the foreign founder in the authorized capital has made 1,3 billion tenge, or 5,94 %. From them 121 enterprises manufactured production, 72 - realized deliverings on export, 182 - had import receipts and 456 realized delivering on a home market. In 2000 in republic 461 enterprises, in 1999 - 325 operated.

The enterprises created together with the Russian partners, realize the following aspects of activity: production of crude oil, mounting of the process equipment, construction of civil engineering buildings, manufacture of the electric power both electro distributive and monitoring equipment, pharmaceutical products, copper, woolen and synthetic fabrics, flour, processing and conservator of production, rendering of different aspects of services and researches, maintenance and repair of automobiles, activity in the field of a wireless and television.

2.1 Some aspects of economic interaction Kazakhstan and Russia 

For adjustment and intensive development of mutually advantageous two-sided ratios within the framework of CIS Republic of Kazakhstan and Russian Federation have necessary objective premises. Russia and Kazakhstan make a basis of huge Eurasian region, in which historically there were steady geopolitical, economic, ethnic and cultural links of two countries and peoples. In many vital spheres the national interests of two countries are close or coincide, both countries hold on to course on saving of common defensive, humanitarian and information space and the stability and prosperity of two countries, further democratic of a society and success of market transformations are equally interested in hardening safety.

The interaction of Kazakhstan with Russia is a priority in external policy, external economic and military-strategic course of republic. A complex of the reasons conditions and factors having not tactical, but basic essence and long-time character stipulates it.

Today common balance of mutual relation between Kazakhstan and Russia has positive character, as consider each other as the strategic partners and it establishes the important premise for their mutual cooperating in the field of policy, economy, science, engineering and other spheres.

Kazakhstan-Russian economic partnership belongs to the most advanced regions of two-sided ratios between two states, as for this purpose both countries have premises for rapprochement. It in many respects defines character, both mutual relation, and other economic links, folding in the European direction, of Kazakhstan.

On today there are favorable and unfavorable factors inherent in Kazakhstan on a path to economic cooperating to Russia.

Alongside with the favorable factors of a development of two-sided economic ratioes exist as well unfavorable or constraining moment. The overcoming of economic barriers by means of restoring cooperation links will allow introducing the operations in frameworks EAEU (Euro-Asian Economic Union).

2.2 The factors of economic interaction of Kazakhstan and Russia

Favorable                 

a) Presence in Kazakhstan of large mineral operational lives.

b) Transit potential and favorable geopolitical position of Kazakhstan at the center of the Eurasian continent: on a crossroads of trade and transport paths from Europe in Asia: through China on Far East ports, Pacific Ocean of the state; through Iran and Turkey in the Mediterranean pool.

c) Determination of Kazakhstan and Russia as basic trade partners on export and import.            

d) Retention of Kazakhstan in the majority large international architectures UN, Architecture of Economic Cooperating, Economic union Central Asian of the countries (together with Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan) and Central-Asian Bank of Cooperating and Development (CABCD); Great five Republic of Kazakhstan in frameworks of CIS (Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Tadjikistan).    

e) The large region with the common boundary (more than 6.000 kms) with Russia, that has for two countries a serious value in matter of hardening of their national and collective safety.

f) The residing in republic of the large ethnic interlayer of the European origin (Russian, Ukraine, Germany) is one of the factors of rapprochement of Kazakhstan with the European civilization and culture.

Unfavorable

a) A close arrangement of Kazakhstan to the inconsistent states Central Asian of region.           

b) Support by Kazakhstan of multifactor policy in a ratio of transportation of the Caspian oil.   

c) The boundaries Central Asian of the states from a point of view of international law properly not democratic of Republic of Kazakhstan; Kazakhstan has appeared as a matter of fact cut off from Western Europe

d) Increase of ecological crisis, that weakens its positions in region and world, narrows down opportunities of fast industrial growth.

e) Absence in Kazakhstan of a direct exit to World Ocean, exterior warm seas, that hampers links with the largest centers of a modern civilization.       

f) Support by the countries of trade wars (introduction of limitation on import of the goods, policy of an ascertaining dumping in relation to the exported goods, raw interdependence of the countries etc.).

            In the beginning 1990s. It seemed, that the revived democratic states within the framework of their new statuses would be and further dynamically to explicate the ratios, filling their contents, adequate to a new position. However it has not taken place and in basic for past years of two-way communications were characterized defined inertia.

As displays the analysis, the policy of Russia in a ratio of the states of Commonwealth for flowing out five years did not differ by a sequence.

There was a natural process of comprehension of key national-state interests attended by searching for new, as it seemed, more perspective partners.

Certainly, the today's level of economic integration does not answer necessities national economic of Republic of Kazakhstan and Russian Federation. Available on it is necessary to evaluate the today facts of economic interaction between two countries as insufficient and requiring in serious adjusting. The priority of a development of the Kazakhstan-Russian economic links is possible to support with existing numerous perspective directions of a development, it:

·     Trade-economic cooperating of Republic of Kazakhstan and Russian Federation;

• Frontier cooperating Republic Of  Kazakhstan and Russian Federation;
• Development of industrial-cooperation links in machine-building and chemical complexes, by means of creation of share financial and industrial groups;
• Cooperating and development fuel and energy of complexes of Russia and Kazakhstan;
• Cooperating in sphere of transport;

·     Cooperating of Kazakhstan and Russia in mastering vehicle launching of Baikonur;

• Cooperating in mastering natural riches of the Caspian sea;
• Scientific - technological cooperating;
• Cooperating in the market of agricultural production.

The historically folded trade ratios of the countries of the Eurasian region, including Russia and Kazakhstan from times “Silk road” - allow to hope for success in a development of economic cooperating in modern conditions.

At the same time it is necessary to mark the common tendencies, natural for the new independent countries. The orientation to the market of long-distance foreign countries makes production of raw in branches of the countries rarely for them raw refined in branches, as last valid by considerably lower, than world, efficiency of the manufacture can not acquire production first on world or close to world prices. Stronger links with the world market of branches of the states of Commonwealth inevitably preclude with their demand for production domestic resource refinery of branches by virtue of its non-competitiveness in the world market. It inevitably reduces different branches to of an economic development resource producers and resource refinery of branches in the countries of CIS.

2.3 Engaging the foreign investments

The participation of the foreign capital promotes the decision of the following tasks:

- Heightening of efficiency of an export potential, overcoming of its raw directedness and development import substitute of manufactures;

- Heightening of a scientific and technical level of production with the help new scientific of techniques, methods of management and selling of production;

- Magnifying of tax receipts in the state budget;

- Assistance to a development backward and depressive of regions and creation of new workstations in national economy;

- Use of modern industrial and administrative experience through tutoring and retraining of the staff.

It is necessary to mark, that the cooperating of Kazakhstan and Russia can explicate in different regions of economy. For power engineering and mineral operational life’s priority directions are: the opportunity of an effective shared use of mineral operational life’s, introduction new and development of available processing manufactures oriented on export to long-distance foreign countries, creation of a reliable system energy supply, development of the transport communications, which development is stipulated by presence of investment operational life’s.

Figure 1. Structure of the direct foreign investments in Kazakhstan in 2000

In structure of the direct foreign investments in Kazakhstan the share of Russian Federation makes 5 %. In spite of the fact that the Russian economy requires not less to investment means, the enclosure of the investments serves the factor of interest by Kazakhstan. The interests of Russia consist, first of all, in natural operational life (oil, coal, ore etc.), mastering and development.

2.4 Cooperating in the field of electric power industry

As other step which has strengthened a positions of power branch, it is possible to name creation on the basis of bankrupt CJSC “Ekibastuz Energy Center”, half of which shares the European Economic Community of Russia on account of cancellation of duties of Kazakhstan for the electric power was transferred to the Russian partners from the Russian Academy of Science.

Since 2000 the integrated power Grid of Kazakhstan works in a parallel condition from European Economic Community of Russia and grid system of the countries of Central Asia.

The parallel operation of electric power systems has allowed considerably to boost quality of electrical power and reliability of electro supply of consumers of Kazakhstan, Central Asia and Russian Federation, operatively to realize flow both transit of electrical power and powers, it is more rational to use power powers of electrical stations. The electric power system of Kazakhstan and Russian Academy of Science European Economic Community of Russia is called secure each other in case of crashes. It will ensure with the electric power not only Republic Of Kazakhstan, but also Southern Ural.

With the purposes of a heightening of efficiency of a parallel operation the measures on simplification of customs procedures are studied at migration of electrical power through the customs boundary.

The operation coal extraction of the enterprises is stabilized. In 2002 the production 78 mln of tons coal is forecast, from which more than 25 mln of tons will be exported.

2.5 Cooperating in the field of machine construction industry

The lowering of manufacture in machine construction industry and metalworking is called by aggravation of a financial condition of basic consumers of machine-building production, significant rise in price of import furnishing work pieces.

The cooperating of Russia and Kazakhstan in machine construction industry is possible at the expense of a shared use of available industrial potential for issue of competitive production. On basis Kentau excavator factory assembly manufacture of dredges together with joint-stock company Tver excavator a factory  and joint-stock company Sarex. On Pavlodar tractor together with joint-stock company the “Altay” motor factory. Barnaul and Sibzavod (Omsk) it is planned to adjust manufacture of new tractors, and the enterprises agricultural machinary of Kazakhstan together with Rostelmash can master assembly manufacture a grain and of combines.

Besides in machine building branch the creation JV on manufacture of diesel drives (planned on the basis of joint-stock company the “Kustanay” diesel factory and joint-stock company “Hurrah Laz”) and Transnational of financial and industrial group “Electropribor”.

2.6 Cooperating in the field of a uranium industry

Annually Kazakhstan extracts and sells about 3 % (1,5 thousand tons) from it Whole World of production. Production of the National company “Казатомпром” consumes Russia, USA, Western Europe, Southern Korea and other countries.

The company “Казатомпром” combines investigation, production and manufacture of uranium, and also accompanying rarely of elements. Into its structure go into: joint-stock company “Volkovgoelogy” one of highly professional in all CIS of the geological enterprises, joint-stock company “Stepgeology”. Three ore management “Central”, “Steppe”, “Sixth”.

The basic manufacturer of uranium fuel in Kazakhstan - Ulbinski a metal works. This versatile enterprise specializing on issue rarely metal and super conducting production, and also special material, used in an atomic industry, electron technology, instrument making, space engineering. The raw material - enriched uranium - is made in Kazakhstan or is delivered from Siberia, on Ulba make of it tablets and deliver them on the Russian factories, where make ready heat distributor of assembly for atomic power plants. Ulbinski the metal works occupies the important place in a nuclear-fuel cycle of Russia and Kazakhstan.

In the near past the nuclear -fuel complex of Russia and Kazakhstan made a single unit. To tear this line-up was it does not pay Russians, Kazakhstan.

Last years the Kazakhstan raw material in basic went on export, and the fuel tablets on Ulbinski factory were manufactured from the Russian raw material. Besides is acute there was a problem solvency. Russia paid for services by the consumer goods. An exit from the folded situation became the offer of the Kazakhstan side to the partners from Russian "«fuel element" of start-up of a new uranium line-up. As a result of the enterprise deliver each other necessary components, in particular from Kazakhstan in Russia - fuel tablets. The financial accounts between the countries are made at the end of a line-up in accordance with sale of products higher remake in the exterior market.

Within the framework of this cooperating, with the purposes of an ascertaining of the greater confidence the National company “Kazatomprom”, releases the gold share, which is transferred and gives it the right to superimpose the veto on such decisions of Kazakhstan,

As, for example, refusal to work in one nuclear-fuel cycle to not produce fuel tablets for Russian Atomic Electric Station or other irrational variations in the strategy and tactics of behavior in the market. In turn, Russia has given us assurances of a reliability and long term of the orders. It concerns uranium, but also tantalum raw material, beryllium etc. Durability of strategic interests of the sides by the plans on interchanging the shares Ulbinski factory on the similar shares of the enterprises of a nuclear -fuel cycle of Russia.

In October, 2000 the long-term contract for manufacture CJSC Ulbinski factory of dusts of uranium and fuel tablets for AES with their further annual delivering in Russian Federation up to 200 т of a dust and 300 т of tablets, on a period till 2005 inclusively is made.

Besides the arrangement on creation of the share enterprise on production of uranium on deposits “Zarechni and “Budenovski” in Southern Kazakhstan is reached.

Considering problems of integration of Russia and Kazakhstan, it is possible to conclude, that the activation of economic links between the countries directly depends on the decision of legal, political, economic and ecological problems precluding their more effective activity. The opportunities by wider attract in a long-term perspective appreciably depend on those political courses, which will be selected by both countries. According to our reckoning, the creation of the common market of Kazakhstan and Russia will allow to support steady solvency demand for production of real sectors of economy of the countries on the basis of the long-term target and selective contracts.

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